references for power point presentations
TWO MINUTES FOR PLANTS
Broad agreement that a diet of mostly fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains is associated with: reduced mortality, cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Adventist Health Studies, Nurses Health Studies EPIC-Oxford studies - which together represent over 780,000 patients and over 5 million person years of follow up.
Orlich MJ and Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. Am J Clin Nutr 2014:100(suppl):353S-8S.
Nurseshealthstudy.org Key contributions to scientific knowledge.
Key TJ. Papier K and Tong TYN. Plant-based diets and long-term health: findings from the EPIC-Oxford study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022 May 1;81(2): 190-198.
DIABETES AND FOOD: 70% of new cases of T2D may be attributable to dietary factors.
O’Hearn. Nature Medicine. 2023
Diets of primarily high quality plant-based foods led to 24% lower risk of premature death in patients with T2D.
Plant based diets improve glycemic control.
Barnard et al. Diabetes Care. 2006
Long, Menezes. A Broader Approach to Diabetes: Take 2 Minutes for Plants. Retina Today. 2023.
CVD and HYPERTENSION: Greater adherence to plant centered healthy eating patterns was associated with lower risk of CV disease (CHD and stroke).
Shan. Association between healthy eating patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2020
After their first MI, patients following Mediterranean style diet had a 50-70% lower risk of recurrent heart disease vs. Western type diet.
Lyon Diet Heart Study 1996
Ornish intensive lifestyle program resulted in less coronary artery stenosis and half as many subsequent cardiac events vs. usual-care control group.
Ornish. JAMA 1998;280(23):2001-2007.
CVD is leading cause of death in US and globally. Hypertension is the main modifiable risk factor for CVD.
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020.
Plant-based diets reduce hypertension.
DASH diet. Appel et al. N Engl J Med 1997.
ALZHEIMER”S DISEASE: MIND diet resulted in 53-60% less risk of Alzheimer’s
Morris. Alzheimer’s Dement 2015. and Dhana, Morris. Neurology 2020.
Also note: Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons. Barnes et al. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:602-611
CANCER: Processed meat is a Group 1 carcinogen. Red meat is a probable carcinogen. Group 2A.
Song. Nutrients, Food and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Gastroenterology 2015.
Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, Gu K, Chen Z, Zheng W, Lu W. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-43.
1/3 cup milk/day and 30% increased risk of breast cancer.
Loma Linda Health News. and Dairy, Soy, and Risk of Breast Cancer. Fraser. Int J Epidemi 2020
Very good review of mild and breast cancer initiation and progression.
Melnik. Current Nutrition Reports 2023.
29% decreased risk breast cancer in high vs. low intake of soy (meta-analysis of 8 studies in high-soy consuming Asians).
Highest soy intake = 21% decreased breast cancer mortality. US and Canada Breast Cancer Family registry.
Very good review of literature of soy and breast cancer:
Messina M (Loma Linda). Research in Complementary Medicine (2016) 23 (2): 75–80.
Intensive lifestyle changes can affect progression of prostate cancer.
Communicating effectively. Milkshake study. If you believe you're treating yourself and eating indulgently (vs. healthy and nutritious), you will feel more satiated.
System 1 and System 2: Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.pp. 53, 67.
Plant based diets offer:
30% less risk of cardiovascular disease.
53% less risk of Alzheimer’s.
35-53% less risk of diabetes.
Improved glucose, blood pressure, lipids.
Tripathi. 1790-PUB: Effectiveness of an Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program on Type 2 Diabetes Remission in Indian PopulationDiabetes (Supplement 1) 2023
Less risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
May improve depression symptoms.
Likely easiest to maintain in long term.
Kinder to animals.
Much less land and water use.
Ritchie H. Our World in Data. March 04, 2021.
Dr. Robert Cialdini’s Principles of Persuasion.
InfluenceatWork.com. Hidden Brain podcast: 1/16/2023, 2/23/2023
references for Physician and medical student talks
Broad Agreement on Plant-based diets and Health
1. Orlich MJ and Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. Am J Clin Nutr 2014:100(suppl):353S-8S.
2. Nurseshealthstudy.org Key contributions to scientific knowledge.
3. Key TJ. Papier K and Tong TYN. Plant-based diets and long-term health: findings from the EPIC-Oxford study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022 May 1;81(2): 190-198.
Mortality
4. The US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The State of US Health, 1990-2016/ Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States. Fig. 2. JAMA 2018;319(14):1444-1472.
5. Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB et al. Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10)1453-1463.
Coronary Heart Disease
6. Shan Z. et al. Association Between Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1090-1100.
7. Barnard ND et al. A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022 Feb;41(2):127-139.
8. Ornish D et al. Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA. 1998;280(23):2001-2007
9. De Lorgeril M et al. Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutriments. JACC. 1996 Nov1;28(5): 1103-1108.
Diabetes
20. O’Hearn M et al and Global Dietary Database. Incident Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Suboptimal Diet in 184 Countries. Nat Med. 2023;2994):982-995.
21. Hu et al. Low-Carbohydrate Diet Scores and Mortality Among Adults With Incident Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023;46(4):874-884.
22. Barnard ND et al. A Low-fat Vegan Diet Improves Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. In a Randomized Clinical Trial in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1777-1783.
23. Tripathi P et al. 1790-PUB: Effectiveness of an Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program on Type 2 Diabetes Remission in Indian Population. Diabetes. 2023;72(Supplement_1): 1790-PUB
24. Long B and Menezes A. A Broader Approach to Diabetes: Take 2 Minutes for Plants. Retina Today. 2023 Sept.:46-48.
Chronic Kidney Disease
25. Heo GY et al. Association of Plant Protein Intake With Risk of Incident CKD: A UK Biobank Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 Dec;82(6):687-697.
Breast Cancer
26. Farvid MS et al. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Breast Cancer Incidence: Repeated Measures Over 30 Years of Follow-Up. Int J Cancer. 2019 Apr 1;144(7):1496-1510.
Breast Cancer
27. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng C-C and Pike MC. Epidemiology of Soy Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):9-14.
28. Shu XO et al. Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-2443.
29. Zhang FF et al. Dietary Isoflavone Intake and All-Cause Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors: the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer. 2017 Jun 1;123(11):2070-2079.
30. Messina M. Impact of Soy Foods on the Development of Breast Cancer and the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients. Forsch Komplementmed. (Res Compl Med.) 2016;23(2):75-89.
Colon Cancer
31. International Agency for Research on Cancer, world Health Organization. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2018.
32. Song M, Garrett WS and Chan AT. Nutrients, Food and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Gastroenterology. 2015 May;148(6):1244-1260.e16.
Prostate Cancer
33. Ornish D et al. Intensive Lifestyle Changes May Affect the Progression of Prostate Cancer. The Journal of Urology. 2005 Sept; 174:1065-1070.
Infection
34. Nordstrom L, Liu CM and Price LB. Foodborne Urinary Tract Infections: A New Paradigm for Antimicrobial-resistant Foodborne Illness. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:29.
35. Li L and Werler MM. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Pregnant Women. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Feb;13(2):276-282.
36. Kim H, Rebholz CM, Hegde S et al. Plant-based Diets, Pescatarian Diets and COVID-19 Severity: A Population-based Case-control Study in Six Countries. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2021;4:doi: 10.1136/bmjnphh-2021-000272.
Environment
44. Dr. Hannah Ritchie, Our World in Data
Cheese
45. Huth PJ et al. Major Food Sources of Calories, Added Sugars, and Saturated Fat and Their Contribution to Essential Nutrient Intakes in the US Diet: Data from NHANES 2003-2006. Nutr J. 2013;12:116.
Milk
46. Fraser GE et al. dairy, soy, and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2020 Oct;49(5):1526-1537.
47. Willett https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/milk-is-it-as-healthful-as-we-think#Weight,-heart-health,-and-cancer. and Willett NEJM 2020
Fish
48. Mozaffarian D and rim EB. Fish Intake, Contaminants and Human Health. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1885-1889.
49. Ruzzin J and Jacobs DR. The Secret Story of Fish: decreasing nutritional value due to pollution? British Journal of Nutrition. 2012 Aug 14;108(3):397-399.
50. US Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/what-drag-global-impact-bottom-trawling
51. Vandermeersch G et al. A Critical View on Microplastic Quantification in Aquatic Organisms. Envir Res. 2015 Nov;143(Pt B):46-55.
Sacks Lichtenstein Circulation 2017. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000510
Alzheimer’s Disease
37. Morris MC, et al. MIND Diet Associated with Reduced Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Dement 2015. 2015 Sep;11(9):1007-1014.
38. Dhana K et al. Healthy Lifestyle and the Risk of Alzhiemer Dementia. Neurology. 2020 Jul 28;95(4):e374-e383.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
39. Marjot T et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management. Endocrine Reviews. 2020;41(1):66-117.
40. Schwimmer JB et al. Effect of a Low Free Sugar Diet vs Usual Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adolescent Boys. JAMA. 2019 Jan 22;321(3):256-265.
Menopause
41. Lethaby A et al. Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 19;2013(12):CD001395.
42. Barnard N, Kahleova H et al. The Women’s Study for the Alleviation of Vasomotor Symptoms (WAVS): a randomized, controlled trial of a plant-based diet and whole soybeans for postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2021 Oct;28(10):1150-1156.
Longevity
43. Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. Li… Willett, Hu. Circulation2018.
Obesity
10. Lin S et al. Time-Restricted Eating Without Calorie Counting for Weight Loss in a Racially Diverse Population. A Randomized controlled Trial Ann Intern Med. 2023 July;176(7): 885-895.
11. Gardner CD et al. Effect of Low-fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion. The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(7): 667-679.
12. Sodhi M et al. Risk of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptitide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss. JAMA. 2023;330(18):1795-1797.
LDL Cholesterol
13. AHA Editorial. Sacks FM et al. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Jul 18;136(3(:e1-e23.
14. Landry MJ et al, Gardner CD. Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Nov 1:6(11)
HYPERTENSION
15. Appel LJ et al. A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997 Apr 17;336(16):1117-1124.
16. Steinberg D, Bennett GG and Svetkey L. The DASH Diet, 20 Years Later. JAMA. 2017 Apr 18;317(5):1529-1530.
Stroke
17. Fung TT et al. Adherence to a DASH-Style Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):713-720.
18. Psaltopoulou T et al. Mediterranean Diet, Stroke, Cognitive Impairment and Depression: A Meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2013 Oct;74(4):580-591.
19. Joshipura KJ et al. Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Risk of Ischemic Stroke. JAMA. 1999;282(13):1233-1239.
diabetes
McMacken M, Shah S. A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017 May; 14(5): 342–354.
Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Nov;32(11):2312-21. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/32.11.2312. PMID: 495550.
Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Turner-McGrievy G, Gloede L, Jaster B, Seidl K, Green AA, Talpers S. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1777-83. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0606.
Chiu, T.H.T., Pan, WH., Lin, MN. et al. Vegetarian diet, change in dietary patterns, and diabetes risk: a prospective study. Nutr & Diabetes 8, 12 (2018)
Lifestyle intervention more effective than Metformin in reducing incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7; 346(6): 393–403.
Intervening early to prevent or slow retinopathy development by controlling glycemia, blood pressure, and serum lipidemia is the first-line public health approach. Ferris FL 3rd, Nathan DM. Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy Progression. Ophthalmology. 2016 Sep;123(9):1840-2.
Smith Steven et al. Retinal Physician. 2016.
cardiovascular disease and mortality
Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB, Willett WC, Longo VD, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL. Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1453-1463. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182. Erratum in: JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Nov 1;176(11):1728.
Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rimm EB, Hu FB, McCullough ML, Wang M, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. J Nutr. 2012 Jun;142(6):1009-18. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.157222. Epub 2012 Apr 18. PMID: 22513989; PMCID: PMC3738221.
Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH et al, 15 Jun 2017. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. Circulation. 2017;136:e1–e23
Trichopoulou A et al. Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study . BMJ 2009 Jun 23; 338:b2337.
Shan Z, et al, Willett W, Manson J, Qi Q, Hu rf. Association between healthy eating patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1090-1100. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2176.
Rico-Campa A et al. Association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and all cause mortality: SUN prospective cohort study. BMJ 2019;365:l1949
Seidelmann, S. B. et al. (2018). Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 3(9), e419–28.
Al-Shaar L et al, Willett, W. (Harvard Health Professionals Follow-Up Study cohort, United States, 1986-2016.) Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020;371:m4141
Bellardo, D et al. Practical, Evidence-Based Approaches to Nutritional Modifications to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: An American Society For Preventive Cardiology Clinical Practice Statement. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology. June 2022;10: 100323.
Crimarco A, Sonnenberg ED, Sonnenberg JL, Gardner CD et al. A randomized crossover trial on the effect of plant-based compared with animal-based meat on trimethylamine-N-oxide and cardiovascular disease risk factors in generally healthy adults: Study with Appetizing Plantfood-Meat Eating Alternative Trial (SWAP-MEAT). Am J Clin Nutr. 2020Nov 11;112(5):1188-1199.
de Lorgeril M et al. Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of CV complications in patients with coronary artery disease.. Insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Nov 1;28(5):1103-8.
de Lorgeril M et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myoocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999; 99:779-785.
de Lorgeril M et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid- rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1454-9.
Lyon Diet Heart Study Editorial. Circulation 2001;103:1823–1825. American Heart Association Journal. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1823
Ornish D et al. Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA 1998 Dec 16;280(23):2001-7.
EPIC studies
Huth PJ, Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, Park K, Auestad N. Major food sources of calories, added sugars, and saturated fat and their contribution to essential nutrient intakes in the U.S. diet: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2006). Nutr J. 2013 Aug 8;12:116. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-116. PMID: 23927718; PMCID: PMC3751311.
Advanced Glycation end products
Van Puyvelde K., Mets T., Njemini R., Beyer I., Bautmans I. Effect of advanced glycation end product intake on inflammation and aging: A systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 2014;72:638–650. doi: 10.1111/nure.12141.
Kim Y, Keogh JB, Deo P, Clifton PM. Differential Effects of Dietary Patterns on Advanced Glycation end Products: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1767. Published 2020 Jun 12.
Rungratanawanich, et al. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med 53 168-188 (2021).
longevity
Buettner D. and Skemp S. Blue Zones: Lessons From the World’s Longest Lived. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016 Sep-Oct; 10(5): 318-321.
Buettner D. The Blue Zones Kitchens excerpt. National Geographic. Dec. 2019.
Hershlind AM et al. The heritability of human longevity: a population-based study of 2872 Danish twin pairs born 1870-1900. Hum Genet. 1996;96:319-323.
ChristensenK et al. A Danish population-based twin study on general health in the elderly. J Aging Health. 1999 Feb;11 (1):49-64.
Hjelmborg J et al. Genetic influence on human lifespan and longevity. Hum Genet 2006; 119:312-321.
hypertension
Bendinelli B, Masala G, Bruno RM, Caini S, Saieva C, Boninsegni A, Ungar A, Ghiadoni L, Palli D. A priori dietary patterns and blood pressure in the EPIC Florence cohort: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. 2019 Feb;58(1):455-466. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1758-2. Epub 2018 Jun 27. Erratum in: Eur J Nutr. 2018 Oct 10;: PMID: 29951936.
Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr. 2012 Oct;15(10):1909-16. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011003454. Epub 2012 Jan 10. PMID: 22230619; PMCID: PMC3443300.
Lyn M Steffen, Candyce H Kroenke, Xinhua Yu, Mark A Pereira, Martha L Slattery, Linda Van Horn, Myron D Gross, David R Jacobs, Jr, Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 82, Issue 6, December 2005, Pages 1169–1177, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1169
Borgi L, Curhan GC, Willett WC, Hu FB, Satija A, Forman JP. Long-term intake of animal flesh and risk of developing hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. J Hypertens. 2015;33(11):2231-2238. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000722
Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, et al. Vegetarian Diets and Blood Pressure: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):577–587. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.14547
Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Apr 10;155(7):701-9. PMID: 7695458.
Cognition / neurological disease
Ballarini T et al. Mediterranean Diet, Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers and Brain Atrophy in Old Age. Neurology. 2021 May 5; 96 (24): e2920-32.
Anastasiou CA et al. Mediterranean diet and cognitive health: Initial results from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Ageing and Diet. PLoS ONE 12(8):e0182048.
Dhana K et al, Healthy lifestyle and the risk of Alzheimer dementia: Findings from 2 longitudinal studies. Neurology. 2020 Jul 28;95(4):e374-e383
Lakhur S and Judd S. Diet and stroke: recent evidence supporting a Mediterranean style diet and food in the primary prevention of stroke. Stroke. 2015 Jul; 46(7): 2007–2011.
Morris MC et al. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2015; 11(9): 1015-1022.
Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1007-14.
cancer
Gary E Fraser, Karen Jaceldo-Siegl, Michael Orlich, Andrew Mashchak, Rawiwan Sirirat, Synnove Knutsen, Dairy, soy, and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 49, Issue 5, October 2020, Pages 1526–1537.
Key, TJ. Analysis. Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? BMJ 2020; 368 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m511 (Published 05 March 2020)Cite this as: BMJ 2020;368:m511.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monograph IARC Volume 114. Red Meat and Processed Meat.
Kroenke C et al. High- and low-fat dairy intake, recurrence, and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis. J National Cancer Inst. 2013 May 1;105(9):616-23.
Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, Gu K, Chen Z, Zheng W, Lu W. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-43.
Anand P, et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res. 2008 Sep;25(9):2097-116.
Microbiome
Gabriele Giacomo Schiattarella, Anna Sannino, Evelina Toscano, Giuseppe Giugliano, Giuseppe Gargiulo, Anna Franzone, Bruno Trimarco, Giovanni Esposito, Cinzia Perrino, Gut microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide as cardiovascular risk biomarker: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, European Heart Journal, Volume 38, Issue 39, 14 October 2017, Pages 2948–2956,
Wastyk H, et al, Sonnengurg E, Gardner C, Sonnenburg J. Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell, Volume 184, Issue 16, 5 August 2021, Pages 4137-4153.e14
Crimarco A et al, Sonnenburg E, Sonnenburg J and Gardner C. A randomized crossover trial on the effect of plant-based compared with animal-based meat on trimethylamine-N-oxide and cardiovascular disease risk factors in generally healthy adults: Study With Appetizing Plantfood-Meat Eating Alternative Trial (SWAP-MEAT). Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Nov 11;112(5):1188-1199.
specific foods
Zhuang P, Wu F, Mao L, et al. Egg and cholesterol consumption and mortality from cardiovascular and different causes in the United States: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2021;18(2):e1003508. Published 2021 Feb 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003508
“Milk is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer and endometrial cancer. It is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (possibly because of calcium).” Interview with Dr. Walter Willett, Harvard Medical School, regarding milk, health and environment. Medical News Today.
Willett W and Ludwig. Milk and Health. N Engl J Med. 2020.382:644-654.
Website: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Health and Nutrition News, Sep 8, 2020. Cooked Red Meat Increases Compounds Linked to Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Disease.
References for website
References - Environment
Foley, J., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. et al. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337–342 (2011).
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014.
Source: IPCC (2014)Exit Exit EPA website; Exit based on global emissions from 2010. Details about the sources included in these estimates can be found in the Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Fish Intake, Contaminants and Human Health. Mozaffarian. JAMA 2006;296(15):1885-1899.
The Global Impact of Bottom Trawling. US Geological Survey March 14, 2016
A Critical view on micro plastic quantification in aquatic organisms. Vandermeersch. Environmental Res. 2015 Nov;143(Pt B):46-55
Pellman Rowland M. Two-Thirds Of The World's Seafood Is Over-Fished -- Here's How You Can Help. Forbes July 24, 2017.
https://www.ucsdclimatereview.org/post/the-environmental-impact-of-the-fishing-industry
H. Ritchie. If the world adopted a plant based diet ... Our World in Data, March 04, 2021.
Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions have dropped by 35% in 15 years. Half of the reduction was due to eating less beef. Bassi C et al. Declining greenhouse gas emissions in the US diet (2003–2018): Drivers and demographic trends. Journal of Cleaner Production: Volume 351, 1 June 2022, 131465.
references for newsletter
References
9. environment
Monthly email on topics regarding Nutrition in Medicine
Diabetes
References
A Mediterranean type diet was associated with slower enlargement of geographic atrophy (severe thinning of the center of the retina in patients with advanced dry macular degeneration).Ophthalmology Retina 2022.
https://www.ophthalmologyretina.org/action/showPdf?pii=S2468-6530%2822%2900152-X
82% of the plant-based patients had better glycemic control (improved fasting glucose, decreased medications or improved HbA1c), which has been shown to prevent or delay diabetic retinopathy. 61% of plant-based patients lost weight (average 10.4 lbs.).
https://us9.admin.mailchimp.com/campaigns/edit?id=5649727
Intervening early to prevent or slow retinopathy by controlling glycemic, blood pressure and serum lipidemia is the first line public health approach.
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(16)30406-7/fulltext
4. cancer
References
90% of cancers have environmental causes. Anand et al. Pharm Res 2008.
Less risk of breast cancer. Farvid MS et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and breast cancer incidence: Repeated measures over 30 years of follow up. Int J Cancer 2019 Apr 1;144(7):1496-1510.
Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, Gu K, Chen Z, Zheng W, Lu W. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-43.
13 cup milk/day and 30% increased risk of breast cancer. Loma Linda Health News. and Dairy, Soy, and Risk of Breast Cancer. Fraser. Int J Epidemi 2020
References
See newsletter above.
2. HEART DISEASE
References
Despite a similar coronary risk factor profile, subjects following the Mediterranean-style diet had a 50% to 70% lower risk of recurrent heart disease compared to a Western type diet. Lyon Diet Heart Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1823
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510979600280X
Twice as many cardiac events in control group (45 events in 20 patients) compared to experimental lifestyle change group (25 events in 28 patients) Ornish et al
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/188274
The American Heart Association strongly concludes that lowering intake of saturated fat and replacing it with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats, will lower the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620111/
3. VISION
5. Alzheimer’s disease
References
See newsletter above.
6. different diets
References
7. hypertension
References
8. microbiome
References
If everyone ate a plant-based diet, we would reduce global agricultural land use by 75%.
https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food
The expansion of land for agriculture (especially for grazing and feed crops for cattle) is the leading driver of deforestation and biodiversity loss.
https://ourworldindata.org/drivers-of-deforestation
Low-level methylmercury (especially from large fish) may adversely affect early neurodevelopment. Mozafarrian, JAMA 2006.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/203640
21% of catch comes from overfished populations. 66% of fisheries are sustainable, providing 80% of our seafood. https://ourworldindata.org/fish-and-overfishing#how-much-of-the-world-s-fish-is-managed-sustainably
Microplastics… accumulation has been documented in diverse marine species ranging from zooplankton to bivalves and fish, implying the potential for microplastics to accumulate in the marine food web.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26249746/
Trawling destroys the natural seafloor habitat by essentially rototilling the seabed. All of the bottom-dwelling plants and animals are affected, if not outright destroyed.
https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/what-drag-global-impact-bottom-trawling
80 billion land animals are estimated to be slaughtered for food each year. Ref.: Wikipedia, from data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_slaughter
“…there is ample evidence to demonstrate that it is highly likely that fish experience pain and that pain-related behavioural changes are conserved across vertebrates.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6790376/
“One of the greatest opportunities to live our values - or betray them - lies in the food we put on our plates.” Jonathan Safran Foer
It is easy to get enough protein from plants if you know what to eat,
even for athletes. https://www.nomeatathlete.com/protein-for-athletes/
10. phytonutrients
References
11. infection
References:
There is compelling evidence that retail meat, particularly poultry, serves as an important reservoir for human exposure to antibiotic-resistant E. coli that is causing UTIs.(Nordstrom. Front Micrbiom 2013)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589730/
11. DIABETES AND FOOD
https://www.x-mol.net/paper/article/1543667726823821312
Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries. O’Hearn Nat Med 2023.
greater adherence to plant centered healthy eating patterns was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CHD and stroke). Shan JAMA Int Med. 2020
Plant-based low-carbohydrate diet linked with lower risk of premature death for people with type 2 diabetes https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/plant-based-low-carbohydrate-diet-linked-with-lower-risk-of-premature-death-for-people-with-type-2-diabetes/
Barnard JAMA. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873779/
Diabetic retinopathy. Smith S. Retinal Physician Nov. 2016.
12. carbs and carnivores. What does the science say?
References
13. PROTEIN: WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SAY?
References
